Analysis of the regional ionospheric disturbance index during storm time on 2012

The impacts of severe geomagnetic storms that occurred in 2012 on the emergence large-scale ionospheric anomalies equatorial region Malaysia was investigated this study. research analyzed three significant happened April 24 (-120 nT), July 16 (-113 and October 01 (-122 nT) 2012, their effects were assessed with different locations start latitude longitude 4°N 99°E, 3.06°N 101.54°E, 4.18°N 102.04°E, 3.16°N 113.03°E, 6.07°N 116.07°E, 6.30°N 99.78°E respectively. TEC from GPS network over by comparing during main phases geomagnetically disturbed days average profiles quiet period. To determine level perturbation, log calculated relation to reference median 15 prior observation days. represent influence Total Electron Content (TEC) Malaysia, a disturbance index utilized. thresholds established indicate disturbance, positive negative signatures ±1 representing state, while ±2 indicated moderate disturbance. A storm ±3, ±4 represented storm. Based events chosen, threshold indicates 23, at 1900 UT, which early morning 24, region, other two no where is ranging ±3 only. study found disturbances ionosphere common occurrence. impact observed persist before after actual This emphasizes importance having dedicated weather addition indices evaluate predict space storms, thus enhancing precision reliability radio systems are vulnerable disruptions region.